Towards cyber-cooperatives: Studying the sharing economy of the tourism industry through an evolutionary approach to organizational cybernetics
Hacia las cibercooperativas: estudio de la economía colaborativa de la industria turística a través de un enfoque evolutivo de la cibernética organizacional
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
Purpose: The lodging industry is transitioning to the online collaborative economy, with digital platforms mediating between hosts and guests. However, this has created significant inequalities between the platform management and the service providers. Objective. The paper proposes (a) to contribute to organisational cybernetics through evolutionary theory, (b) to analyse the emergence of platform cooperativism, and (c) to propose a platform cooperative based on the VSM, which we have called a cyber-cooperative. Design: Applying cybernetic evolutionary epistemology and the VSM, the article analyses the current state of the platform lodging industry and proposes the core characteristics of the cyber-cooperative. Findings: The article finds: a) it contributes to the theory of viable systems by integrating evolutionary theory; b) it uses the proposed theory to explain the developments in the collaborative economy of the lodging industry; c) it relates meme theory with the identity of the system and identifies the political ideas in cooperative organisations; d) it proposes the idea of the cyber-cooperative for developing the lodging industry. Originality: Evolutionary epistemology in organisational cybernetics, and the politics of identity in cooperativism are both novel approaches in the VSM. Type of paper: Research paper.
Detalles del artículo
Referencias (VER)
Adams. (1983). Energy and structure: a theory of social power [1975]. University of Texas Press.
Adams, R. (2007). La red de la expansión humana. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, Universidad Iberoamericana. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Mexico/ciesas/20170504041225/pdf_812.pdf
Arrieta-Idiakez, F. (2019). Digital cooperatives as channels for digital work in the context of the collaborative economy. Boletín de la Asociación Internacional de Derecho Cooperativo, (54), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.18543/baidc-54-2019pp75-96
Ashby, W. R. (1968). The contribution of information theory to pathological mechanisms in psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 114(517), 1485-1498. doi:10.1192/bjp.114.517.1485
Bateson, G. (1991). Pasos hacia una ecología de la mente. Planeta, Carlos Lohlé.
Beer, S. (1972). Brain of the firm. Devon: John Wiley & Sons. https://eclass.duth.gr/modules/document/file.php/ENG112/The%20Brain%20of%20the%20Firm.pdf
Beer, S. (1979). The heart of the enterprise. John Wiley & Sons.
Beer, S. (1984). The viable system model: Its provenance, development, methodology and pathology. The Journal of the Operational Research Society, 35(1), 7-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/2581927
Beer, S. (1992). Recursion zero: metamanagement. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, 14(1), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.1177/014233129201400108
Beer, S. (1994a). Beyond dispute: the invention of team syntegrity. John Wiley & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=VwVPAAAAMAAJ
Beer, S. (1994b). Decision and control: the meaning of operational research and management cybernetics. Wiley & Sons. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Decision+and+Control%3A+The+Meaning+of+Operational+Research+and+Management+Cybernetics-p-9780471948384
Beer, S. (1995). Diagnosing the system for organizations. John Wiley & Sons.
Benkler, Y. (2011). The penguin and the leviathan: how cooperation triumphs over self-interest. Currency.
Benkler, Y. (2013). Practical anarchism: Peer mutualism, market power, and the fallible state*. Politics & Society, 41(2), 213–251. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329213483108
Bowler, P. J. (1992). The eclipse of darwinism: anti-darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Campbell, D. T. (1974). ‘Downward causation’ in hierarchically organised biological systems. In F. J. Ayala & T. Dobzhansky (Eds.), Studies in the Philosophy of Biology (179-186). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01892-5_11
Campbell, D. T. (1997). From evolutionary epistemology via selection theory to a sociology of scientific validity. Evolution and Cognition, 3(1), 5-38, https://kli.ac.at/webroot/files/file/Evolution%20%26%20Cognition/1997%203-1.pdf
Cañigueral, A. (2016). Hacia una economía colaborativa “responsible”. Oikonomics, (6), 16-27. https://oikonomics.uoc.edu/divulgacio/oikonomics/es/numero06/dossier/acanigueral.html
Collister, S. (2014). Abstract hacktivism as a model for postanarchist organizing. Ephemera: theory & politics in organization, 14(4), 765-779. http://www.ephemerajournal.org/issue/management-business-anarchism
Darwin, C. (1885). The origin of species by means of natural selection: or, the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. J. Murray.
Dawkins, R. (1976). The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.
Dawkins, R. (1999). The extended phenotype: the long reach of the gene. Oxford University Press.
De Geus, M. (2014). Peter Kropotkin’s anarchist vision of organization. Ephemera: theory & politics in organization 14(4), 853-871. https://ephemerajournal.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/contribution/14-4degeus_0.pdf
Di Paolo, E. A. (2005). Autopoiesis, adaptivity, teleology, agency. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4, 429–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-005-9002-y
Dominici, G. & Palumbo, F. (2013). Decoding the Japanese lean production system according to a viable systems perspective. Systemic Practice and Action Research, 26, 153-171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-012-9242-z
Espejo, R. (1990). The Viable System Model. Systemic Practice, 3, 219-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01062728
Espejo, R. (1996). Requirements for effective participation in self-constructed organizations. European Management Journal, 14(4), 414-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(96)00029-1
Espejo, R. (2004). The footprint of complexity: the embodiment of social systems. Kybernetes, 33(3/4), 671-700. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920410523643
Espejo, R. (2013). Organisational cybernetics as a systemic paradigm: lessons for the past-progress for the future. Business Systems Review, 2(2), 1-9. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2242459
Espinosa, A., Reficco, E., Martínez, A. & Guzmán, D. (2015). A methodology for supporting strategy implementation based on the VSM: a case study in a Latin-American multi-national. European Journal of Operational Research, 240(1), 202-212. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.06.014
Fox, J. D. (2023). Dis/agreement, trust and spaces of dissent. [Doctoral dissertation]. Essex Business School. https://repository.essex.ac.uk/36479/
Frenken, K. (2018). Economías políticas y futuro ambiental para la economía colaborativa. Papeles de Relaciones Ecosociales y Cambio Global, (141), 117-140. https://www.fuhem.es/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Economias-politicas-futuro-ambiental-de-economia-colaborativa-KFrenken.pdf
Gaetano, M. (2010). Viable systems approach (VSA): governing business dynamics. CEDAM
Harari, Y. N. (2014). Sapiens: a brief history of humankind. Harper.
International Cooperative Alliance. (s.f.). Cooperative identity, values & principles. https://www.ica.coop/en/cooperatives/cooperative-identity
Kropotkin, P. (1989 [1902]). Mutual aid: a factor of evolution. Black Rose Books.
Maturana, H. & Varela, F. (1994 [1973]). De máquinas y seres vivos. Autopoiesis, la organización de lo vivo. Editorial Universitaria.
Maturana-Romesín, H. & Mpodozis, J. (2000). The origin of species by means of natural drift. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 73(2), 261-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2000000200005
McEwan, J. B. (1963). Anarchism and the cybernetics of self-organising systems. Anarchy, 3(9), 270-283. https://www.thesparrowsnest.org.uk/collections/public_archive/8485.pdf
Morales Sánchez, R. (2023). Economía colaborativa. Mediterráneo económico, 37, 419-432. https://publicacionescajamar.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ME_Economia-colaborativa.pdf
OECD. (2023). Platform cooperatives and employment: An alternative for platform work", OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers, No. 2023/16, https://doi.org/10.1787/3eab339f-en
Ortiz, P., Delgado, A., Gómez, F. y Jullian-Montañez, A. (2016). Los lenguajes de la complejidad. In P. Ortiz, A. Delgado & F. Gómez (Eds.), Sistemas alejados del equilibrio: un lenguaje para el diálogo transdisciplinario. Clave Editorial.
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2023a). Exploration of the relationship of viable systems, identity, and environment: extending the bionic analogy. SciELO Preprints. https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.5410
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2023b). Propelling development through education and innovation in Latin-America: A comparative analysis of the autonomous and voluntary organizational ideas in Oppenheimer and Malatesta. Revista de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas, 53(139), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.18566/rfdcp.v53n139.a02
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2023c). The viability of cooperative societies from the anarchist-cybernetics perspective: a sistematic review of the field and research opportunities. Ingeniería Solidaria, 19(3), 1-33. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2023.03.04
Osejo‐Bucheli, C. (2024a). Adaptation in viable systems is an evolutionary process driven by the system's political identity. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. Early preview. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2993
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2024b). Contributions to anarchist-cybernetics, identifying committee directorates with Errico Malatesta´s theory: content analysis using dynamic causal diagrams and viable system modelling. Kybernetes, 53(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/K-07-2022-0944
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2024c). Elements of Gilbert Simondon´s cybernetic ontology. SciELO Preprints https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.8081
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2024d). Prefiguring the design of freedom: an informational theory approach to socio-political cybernetics; analysing the messages in 2021 Colombian uprisings. Systemic Practice and Action Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-024-09669-z
Osejo-Bucheli, C. (2024e). Whiteheadian experience in beer’s cybernetic model: policy-making in cooperative societies. Philosophy of Management, 23, 41-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40926-023-00235-6
Schor, J. (2014). Debating the sharing economy. Great Transition Initiative. http://greattransition.org/publication/debating-the-sharing-economy
Schwaninger, M. (2006). Design for viable organizations: The diagnostic power of the viable system model. Kybernetes, 35(7/8), 955-966. https://doi.org/10.1108/03684920610675012
Swann, T. (2018). Towards an anarchist cybernetics: stafford beer, self-organisation and radical social movements. Ephemera: theory & politics in organization, 18(3), 427-456. https://ephemerajournal.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/18-3swann.pdf
Swann, T. (2020). Anarchist cybernetics: control and communication in radical politics. Bristol University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv177tgsj
Swann, T. & Husted, E. (2017). Undermining anarchy: Facebook's influence on anarchist principles of organization in Occupy Wall Street. The Information Society, 33(4), 192-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972243.2017.1318195
Tyrtania, L. (2007). La termodinámica de la supervivencia humana. En R. Adams (Ed.), La red de la expansión humana (1ra ed., pp. 16-42). Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social - CIESAS. https://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/Mexico/ciesas/20170504041225/pdf_812.pdf
Tyrtania, L. (2008). La indeterminación entrópica: notas sobre disipación de energía, evolución y complejidad. Desacatos, (28), 41-68. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=13902805
Vahidi, A., Aliahmadi, A. & Teimoury, E. (2019). Researches status and trends of management cybernetics and viable system model. Kybernetes, 48(5), 1011-1044. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-11-2017-0433
Varela, F., Maturana, H. & Uribe, R. (1974). Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. Biosystems, 5(4), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8
Villalba Sánchez, A. (2021). Las cooperativas de trabajo asociado en la economía de plataformas. CIRIEC-España, Revista Jurídica de Economía Social y Cooperativa, (38), 93-125. https://doi.org/10.7203/CIRIEC-JUR.38.20794
Wagner, C. (2018). Improbable big birds. Darwin´s finches prove a mechanism for the rapid formation of new species. Science, 359(6372), 157-159. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar4796
Walker, J. (1991). Viable systems model, a guide for co-operatives and federations. ICOM, CRU, CAG and Jon Walker. https://vsmg.lrc.org.uk/screen.php?page=home
Walter, W. G. (1963). The development and significance of cybernetics.
Ward, C. (2010 [1966], february 26). Anarchis as theory of organization. https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/colin-ward-anarchism-as-a-theory-of-organization
Yolles, M. (2003). The political cybernetics of organizations. Kybernetes, 32(9/10), 1253-1282.