Efectos de las características psicológicas del CEOS en los niveles de internacionalización empresarial: el caso de las Born Global en América Latina
Effects of the psychological characteristics of CEOS at the levels of business internationalization: the case of the born global in Latin America
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García-Cediel, G. (2021). Efectos de las características psicológicas del CEOS en los niveles de internacionalización empresarial: el caso de las Born Global en América Latina. Revista Escuela De Administración De Negocios, (90), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.21158/01208160.n90.2021.2849
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Este documento tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la orientación a la innovación, la proactividad y la tolerancia al riesgo, escogidas por la literatura como tres de las características psicológicas más importantes de los CEO, y la intensidad exportadora en un tipo especial de firmas como son las Born Global, las cuales se caracterizan por ser firmas pequeñas que, antes de los tres años, ya han iniciado operaciones internacionales y donde más del 25 % de sus ventas se dirigen a los mercados internacionales. Como marco teórico del documento se utiliza el enfoque Upper Echelons el cual considera que las características demográficas y psicológicas del equipo directivo terminan siendo determinantes en los resultados de las compañías. Como metodología de análisis estadístico se utilizó una Regresión Logística Binaria basada en los datos del Global Entrepreneurship Monitor utilizando datos de doce países de Latinoamérica en el año 2016. Como resultado se encuentra que la orientación a la innovación, estudiada desde la innovación de productos y de procesos, es determinante para lograr procesos exitosos de internacionalización. Por el contrario, la proactividad y la tolerancia al riesgo resultaron ser no determinantes. Ello implica que las compañías deben tomar medidas para promover decididamente los mecanismos de innovación e intra emprendimiento al interior de ellas y con ello facilitaran su inserción en los mercados internacionales
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Referencias (VER)
Acedo, J.; Jones, M. (2007). Speed of internationalization and entrepreneurial cognition: insights and a comparison between International New Ventures, exporters and domestic firms.
Journal of World Business, 42(3), 236-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.012
Ahmed, Z.; Julian, C.; Baalbaki, I.; Hadidian, T. (2004): Export barriers and firm internationalization: A study of Lebanese entrepreneurs. Journal of Management & World Business Research, 1(1), 11-22.
Alderete, A. (2006). Fundamentos del análisis de la regresión logística en la investigación psicológica. Revista Evaluar, 6(1), 52-67.
Arenius, P.; Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small BusinessEconomics, 24(3), 233-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1984-x
Bell, J. (1995). The internationalization of small computer software firms: a further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29(8), 60-75. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510097556
Bonaccorsi, A. (1992). On the relationship between firm size and export intensity. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(4), 605-635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490280
Caliendo, M.; Fossen, F.; Kritikos, A. (2009). Risk attitudes and nascent entrepreneur: new evidence from an experimentally validated survey. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 153-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9078-6
Capar, N.; Kotabe, M. (2003). The relationship between international diversification and performance in service firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(4), 345-355. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400036
Cavusgil, S. (1984). Organizational characteristics associated with export activity. Journal of Management Studies, 21(1), 3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00222.x
Corviello, N.; Munro, H. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), 49-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510095008
Dimitratos, P.; Johnson, J.; Slow, J.; Young, S. (2003). Micromultinationals: New types of firms for the global competitive landscape. European Management Journal, 21(2), 164-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(03)00011-2
Dimitratos, P.; Lioukas, S.; Carter, S. (2004). The relationship between Entrepreneurship and International performance: the importance of domestic environment. International Business Review, 13(1), 19-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.08.001
Fernandez, Z.; Nieto, M. J. (2006). The impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 340-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400196
Geringer, M. J.; Tallman, S.; Olsen, D. M. (2000). Product and international diversification among Japanese multinational firms. Strategic Management Journal, 21(1): 51-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200001)21:1<51::AID-SMJ77>3.0.CO;2-K
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - GEM (2015): Reporte Regional de México. México D.F.: Tecnológico de Monterrey
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - GEM (2016): Reporte Regional de México. México D.F.: Tecnológico de Monterrey
Hambrick, D.; Mason, P. (1984). Upper Echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 195-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
Jantunen, A.; Nummela, N.; Puumalinen, K.; Saarenketo, S. (2008). Strategic orientations of born globals – Do they really matter? Journal of World Business, 43(2), 158-170. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.11.015
Johanson, J.; Vahlene, J. (1977). The internationalization of the firm: a model of Knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676
Johanson, J.; Vahlene, J. (1990). The mechanism of internationalization. International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02651339010137414
Jones, M. V.; Coviello, N.; Tang, Y. K. (2011), International Entrepreneurship research (1989-2009): a domain ontology and thematic analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6), 632-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.04.001
Knight G.; Cavusgil, S. (1996). The born global firm: A challenge to traditional internationalization theory. En S.T. Cavusgil & Madsen S.T. (ed). Export internationalizing research–enrichment and challenges (Advances in international Marketing, 8). (11-26). New York: JAI Press.
Knight, G. (2000). Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of International Marketing, 8(2),12-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjimk.8.2.12.19620
Kuivalainen, O.; Sundqvist, S.; Servais, P. (2007). Firms’ degree of born-globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 253-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.010
Kundu, S. K.; Katz, J. A. (2003). Born-international SMEs: Bi-level impacts of resources and intentions. Small Business Economics, 20(1), 25-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020292320170
Leiblein, M.; Reuer, J. (2004): Building a foreign sales base: the roles of capabilities and alliances for entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 19 (2), 285-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00031-4
Leonidou, L.; Katsikeas, S.; Piercy, N. (1998). Identifying managerial influences on exporting: past research and future directions. Journal of International Marketing, 6(2), 74-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069031X9800600205
Liesch, P.; Welch, L.; Buckely, P. (2001): Risk and uncertainty in internationalization and international entrepreneurship studies. Management international studies, 51(6), 851-873.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-011-0107-y
Madsen, T.; Servais, P. (1997). The internationalization of Born Globals: An evolutionary process? International Business Review, 6(6), 561-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(97)00032-2
Matlay, H.; Andersson, S.; Evangelista, F. (2006). The entrepreneur in the Born Global firm in Australia and Sweden. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 642-659.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000610705796
McAuley, A. (1999). Entrepreneurial instant exporters in the Scottish arts and crafts sector. Journal of International marketing, 7(4), 67-82. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069031X9900700405
Miesenbock, K. (1988). Small Business and exporting: a literature Review. International Small Business Journal, 6(2), 42-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026624268800600204
Milanov, H.; Fernhaber, S. A. (2009). The impact of early imprinting on the evolution of new venture networks. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(1), 46-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.11.001
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of Entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
Miller, D.; Friesen, P. (1983). Strategy-making and environment: the third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4(3), 221–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250040304
Moen, O. (2002). The Born Globals: A new generation of small European exporters. International Marketing Review, 19(2), 156-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330210425015
Moini, A. (1997). Barriers Inhibiting Export Performance of Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Firms. Journal of Global Market, 10(4), 67–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J042v10n04_05
O´Cass, A.; Julian, C. (2003). Examining firm and environmental influences on export marketing mix strategy and export performance for Australian exporters. European Journal of Marketing, 37(3/4), 366-384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310459005
Organization for Cooperation and Development - OECD. (2005). Oslo Manual: Guidelinesfor Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, Third Edition. OECD/European Communities
Oviatt, B. M.; McDougall, P. P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 45-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490193
Preece, S.; Miles, G.; Baetz, M. (1998). Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of Early-stage technology-based firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 14, 259-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00105-5
Reid, S. (1983). Managerial and firm influences on export behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 11(3), 323-332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009207038301100312
Rialp, A; Rialp, J.; Knight, G. A. (2005). The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: What do we know after a decade (1993-2003) of scientific inquiry? International Business Review, 14(2), 147–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.006
Robertson, C.; Chetty, S. (2000). A contingency based approach to understanding export performance. International Business Review, 9, 211-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00037-2
Roth, K. (1995). Managing international interdependence: CEO characteristics in a resource-based framework. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1): 200-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256733
Ruzzier, M.; Antoncic, B.; Hisrich, R.; Konecnic, M. (2007): Human capital and SME internationalization: A structural equation modeling study. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 24 (1), 15-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.3
Sanders, V.; Carpenter, M. (1998). Internationalization and firm governance: the roles of CEO compensation, top team composition, and board structure. Academy of Management Journal,41(2), 158-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/257100
Tallman, S.; Li, J.T. (2006). Effects of international diversity and product diversity on the performance of multinational firms. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 179-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256635
Tihanyi, L.; Thomas, W. (2005). Information processing demands and the multinational enterprise: A comparison of foreign and domestic earnings estimates. Journal of Business Research, 58(3), 285-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00133-4
Trabold, H. (2002). Export intermediation: An empirical test of Peng and Ilinitch. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 327-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491019
Venkatraman, N. (1989). Strategic orientation of business enterprises: the construct, dimensionality, and measurement. Management Science, 35(8), 942-962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.942
Volpe, C. (2010). Odisea en los mercados internacionales. Una evaluación de la efectividad de la promoción de exportaciones en América Latina y el Caribe. Washington D. C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Wakelin, K. (1998). Innovation and export behavior at the firm level. Research Policy, 26 (7-8), 829- 841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00051-6
Zhara S. A.; Garvis, D. (2000). International Corporate Entrepreneurship and firm performance: the moderating effect of international environmental hostility. Journal of Business venturing, 15:469-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00036-1
Zhou, L.; Barnes, B.; Lu, Y. (2010). Entrepreneurial proclivity, capability upgrading and performance advantage of newness among international new ventures. Journal of international Business Studies, 41(5), 882-905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.87
Journal of World Business, 42(3), 236-252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.012
Ahmed, Z.; Julian, C.; Baalbaki, I.; Hadidian, T. (2004): Export barriers and firm internationalization: A study of Lebanese entrepreneurs. Journal of Management & World Business Research, 1(1), 11-22.
Alderete, A. (2006). Fundamentos del análisis de la regresión logística en la investigación psicológica. Revista Evaluar, 6(1), 52-67.
Arenius, P.; Minniti, M. (2005). Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship. Small BusinessEconomics, 24(3), 233-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1984-x
Bell, J. (1995). The internationalization of small computer software firms: a further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29(8), 60-75. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510097556
Bonaccorsi, A. (1992). On the relationship between firm size and export intensity. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(4), 605-635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490280
Caliendo, M.; Fossen, F.; Kritikos, A. (2009). Risk attitudes and nascent entrepreneur: new evidence from an experimentally validated survey. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 153-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9078-6
Capar, N.; Kotabe, M. (2003). The relationship between international diversification and performance in service firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 34(4), 345-355. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400036
Cavusgil, S. (1984). Organizational characteristics associated with export activity. Journal of Management Studies, 21(1), 3-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1984.tb00222.x
Corviello, N.; Munro, H. (1995). Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for international market development. European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), 49-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090569510095008
Dimitratos, P.; Johnson, J.; Slow, J.; Young, S. (2003). Micromultinationals: New types of firms for the global competitive landscape. European Management Journal, 21(2), 164-174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(03)00011-2
Dimitratos, P.; Lioukas, S.; Carter, S. (2004). The relationship between Entrepreneurship and International performance: the importance of domestic environment. International Business Review, 13(1), 19-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2003.08.001
Fernandez, Z.; Nieto, M. J. (2006). The impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 340-351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400196
Geringer, M. J.; Tallman, S.; Olsen, D. M. (2000). Product and international diversification among Japanese multinational firms. Strategic Management Journal, 21(1): 51-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200001)21:1<51::AID-SMJ77>3.0.CO;2-K
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - GEM (2015): Reporte Regional de México. México D.F.: Tecnológico de Monterrey
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - GEM (2016): Reporte Regional de México. México D.F.: Tecnológico de Monterrey
Hambrick, D.; Mason, P. (1984). Upper Echelons: the organization as a reflection of its top managers. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 195-206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277628
Jantunen, A.; Nummela, N.; Puumalinen, K.; Saarenketo, S. (2008). Strategic orientations of born globals – Do they really matter? Journal of World Business, 43(2), 158-170. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.11.015
Johanson, J.; Vahlene, J. (1977). The internationalization of the firm: a model of Knowledge development and increasing foreign market commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490676
Johanson, J.; Vahlene, J. (1990). The mechanism of internationalization. International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11-24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02651339010137414
Jones, M. V.; Coviello, N.; Tang, Y. K. (2011), International Entrepreneurship research (1989-2009): a domain ontology and thematic analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(6), 632-659. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.04.001
Knight G.; Cavusgil, S. (1996). The born global firm: A challenge to traditional internationalization theory. En S.T. Cavusgil & Madsen S.T. (ed). Export internationalizing research–enrichment and challenges (Advances in international Marketing, 8). (11-26). New York: JAI Press.
Knight, G. (2000). Entrepreneurship and marketing strategy: The SME under globalization. Journal of International Marketing, 8(2),12-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509%2Fjimk.8.2.12.19620
Kuivalainen, O.; Sundqvist, S.; Servais, P. (2007). Firms’ degree of born-globalness, international entrepreneurial orientation and export performance. Journal of World Business, 42(3), 253-267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2007.04.010
Kundu, S. K.; Katz, J. A. (2003). Born-international SMEs: Bi-level impacts of resources and intentions. Small Business Economics, 20(1), 25-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020292320170
Leiblein, M.; Reuer, J. (2004): Building a foreign sales base: the roles of capabilities and alliances for entrepreneurial firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 19 (2), 285-307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00031-4
Leonidou, L.; Katsikeas, S.; Piercy, N. (1998). Identifying managerial influences on exporting: past research and future directions. Journal of International Marketing, 6(2), 74-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069031X9800600205
Liesch, P.; Welch, L.; Buckely, P. (2001): Risk and uncertainty in internationalization and international entrepreneurship studies. Management international studies, 51(6), 851-873.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-011-0107-y
Madsen, T.; Servais, P. (1997). The internationalization of Born Globals: An evolutionary process? International Business Review, 6(6), 561-583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(97)00032-2
Matlay, H.; Andersson, S.; Evangelista, F. (2006). The entrepreneur in the Born Global firm in Australia and Sweden. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 642-659.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000610705796
McAuley, A. (1999). Entrepreneurial instant exporters in the Scottish arts and crafts sector. Journal of International marketing, 7(4), 67-82. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1069031X9900700405
Miesenbock, K. (1988). Small Business and exporting: a literature Review. International Small Business Journal, 6(2), 42-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026624268800600204
Milanov, H.; Fernhaber, S. A. (2009). The impact of early imprinting on the evolution of new venture networks. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(1), 46-61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.11.001
Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of Entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.7.770
Miller, D.; Friesen, P. (1983). Strategy-making and environment: the third link. Strategic Management Journal, 4(3), 221–235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250040304
Moen, O. (2002). The Born Globals: A new generation of small European exporters. International Marketing Review, 19(2), 156-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02651330210425015
Moini, A. (1997). Barriers Inhibiting Export Performance of Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Firms. Journal of Global Market, 10(4), 67–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J042v10n04_05
O´Cass, A.; Julian, C. (2003). Examining firm and environmental influences on export marketing mix strategy and export performance for Australian exporters. European Journal of Marketing, 37(3/4), 366-384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310459005
Organization for Cooperation and Development - OECD. (2005). Oslo Manual: Guidelinesfor Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, Third Edition. OECD/European Communities
Oviatt, B. M.; McDougall, P. P. (1994). Toward a theory of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 25(1), 45-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490193
Preece, S.; Miles, G.; Baetz, M. (1998). Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of Early-stage technology-based firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 14, 259-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(97)00105-5
Reid, S. (1983). Managerial and firm influences on export behavior. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 11(3), 323-332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009207038301100312
Rialp, A; Rialp, J.; Knight, G. A. (2005). The phenomenon of early internationalizing firms: What do we know after a decade (1993-2003) of scientific inquiry? International Business Review, 14(2), 147–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2004.04.006
Robertson, C.; Chetty, S. (2000). A contingency based approach to understanding export performance. International Business Review, 9, 211-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-5931(99)00037-2
Roth, K. (1995). Managing international interdependence: CEO characteristics in a resource-based framework. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1): 200-231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256733
Ruzzier, M.; Antoncic, B.; Hisrich, R.; Konecnic, M. (2007): Human capital and SME internationalization: A structural equation modeling study. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 24 (1), 15-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.3
Sanders, V.; Carpenter, M. (1998). Internationalization and firm governance: the roles of CEO compensation, top team composition, and board structure. Academy of Management Journal,41(2), 158-178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/257100
Tallman, S.; Li, J.T. (2006). Effects of international diversity and product diversity on the performance of multinational firms. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 179-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256635
Tihanyi, L.; Thomas, W. (2005). Information processing demands and the multinational enterprise: A comparison of foreign and domestic earnings estimates. Journal of Business Research, 58(3), 285-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(03)00133-4
Trabold, H. (2002). Export intermediation: An empirical test of Peng and Ilinitch. Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 327-344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8491019
Venkatraman, N. (1989). Strategic orientation of business enterprises: the construct, dimensionality, and measurement. Management Science, 35(8), 942-962. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.8.942
Volpe, C. (2010). Odisea en los mercados internacionales. Una evaluación de la efectividad de la promoción de exportaciones en América Latina y el Caribe. Washington D. C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Wakelin, K. (1998). Innovation and export behavior at the firm level. Research Policy, 26 (7-8), 829- 841. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00051-6
Zhara S. A.; Garvis, D. (2000). International Corporate Entrepreneurship and firm performance: the moderating effect of international environmental hostility. Journal of Business venturing, 15:469-492. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00036-1
Zhou, L.; Barnes, B.; Lu, Y. (2010). Entrepreneurial proclivity, capability upgrading and performance advantage of newness among international new ventures. Journal of international Business Studies, 41(5), 882-905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2009.87
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