Entre brechas y oportunidades: radiografía del empleo femenino en las 13 principales ciudades de Colombia

Between Gaps and Opportunities: An Overview of Female Employment in Colombia’s 13 Major Cities

Contenido principal del artículo

Resumen

La participación de las mujeres en el mercado laboral colombiano ha experimentado un crecimiento sostenido desde finales del siglo XX; sin embargo, persisten barreras estructurales que restringen su acceso a empleos formales y de calidad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las brechas y oportunidades asociadas al empleo femenino y a su calidad en las trece principales ciudades de Colombia y sus áreas metropolitanas durante el período 2015-2021. Para ello, se emplean microdatos de la Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) y se aplican modelos econométricos probit y logit multinomial, complementados con un modelo de agrupamiento aglomerativo tipo clúster para la identificación de perfiles laborales. Los resultados evidencian que el nivel educativo constituye un factor determinante en la inserción laboral femenina, con una mayor probabilidad de empleo entre las mujeres con formación de posgrado. Asimismo, las mujeres mayores de 30 años presentan una mayor probabilidad de estar empleadas, en comparación con las más jóvenes. En contraste, la percepción de inestabilidad laboral y el deseo de cambiar de empleo reducen significativamente dicha probabilidad. De manera adicional, las mujeres que trabajan desde el hogar o se encuentran en condiciones de informalidad enfrentan mayores obstáculos para acceder a empleos formales. El análisis de clúster confirma que las mujeres con menores niveles educativos son más propensas al desempleo y a la ocupación en empleos de baja calidad. En conjunto, los hallazgos ponen de manifiesto la necesidad de fortalecer las políticas públicas orientadas a mejorar las condiciones laborales de las mujeres, reducir las brechas de género y promover su inclusión en sectores formales de la economía.


Palabras clave

Detalles del artículo

Referencias (VER)

Arango, L. E., & Flórez, L. A. (2020). Determinants of structural unemployment in Colombia: A search approach. Empirical Economics, 58(5), 2431–2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1572-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-018-1572-y

Asongu, A. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2020). Inequality thresholds, governance and gender economic inclusion in sub-Saharan Africa. International Review of Applied Economics, 34(1), 94–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2019.1645817 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2019.1645817

Asongu, S. A. (2024). Fighting female unemployment: The role of female ownership of bank accounts in complementing female inclusive education. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy, 13(3), 372–390. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-04-2023-0044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JEPP-04-2023-0044

Aysun, U., Bouvet, F., & Hofler, R. (2014). An alternative measure of structural unemployment. Economic Modelling, 38, 592–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.02.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.02.009

Baffoé-Bonnie, J., & Ezala-Harrison, F. (2005). Incidence and duration of unemployment spells: Implications for the male-female wage differentials. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 45(4–5), 824–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2004.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2004.09.001

Bernal, R. (2009). The informal labor market in Colombia: Identification and characterization. Desarrollo y Sociedad, 63, 145–208. https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.63.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13043/dys.63.4

Blackaby, D., Drinkwater, S., Leslie, D., & Murphy, P. (1997). A picture of male and female unemployment among Britain’s ethnic minorities. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 44(2), 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00052

Blanchard, O. (2017). Macroeconomics (7.ª ed.). Pearson.

Borjas, G. J., Freeman, R. B., Katz, L. F., DiNardo, J., & Abowd, J. M. (1997). How much do immigration and trade affect labor market outcomes? Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1997(1), 1–90. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2534701

Broström, L. (2019). The neglected female unemployment in Sweden during the Great Depression. Labor History, 60(6), 704–715. https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2019.1635684 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0023656X.2019.1635684

Célbiş, M. G. (2021). Social networks, female unemployment, and the urban-rural divide in Turkey: Evidence from tree-based machine learning algorithms. Sosyoekonomi, 29(50), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.04.04

Donahoe, D. A. (1999). Measuring women’s work in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 25(3), 543–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.1999.00543.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.1999.00543.x

Echavarría-Soto, J. J., López-Enciso, E. A., Ocampo-Díaz, S., & Rodríguez-Niño, N. (2011). Choques, instituciones laborales y desempleo en Colombia. Ensayos sobre Política Económica, 29(66), 128–173. https://doi.org/10.32468/espe.66.04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32468/Espe.6604

Espinosa Acuña, O. A., & Vaca González, P. A. (2014). Causas del desempleo en Colombia en el siglo XXI: Evidencia a partir de un modelo VAR-X cointegrado. Revista de Economía del Caribe, 14, 90–114. https://doi.org/10.14482/coca.14.338.542 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14482/ecoca.14.5972

Facchini, F. (2020). Cultura, diversidad cultural y desarrollo económico. Una perspectiva crítica de los trabajos recientes. Revista de Economía Institucional, 22(43), 79–117. https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v22n43.05 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18601/01245996.v22n43.05

Gbadegesin, S. A., Olalere, S. A., Ukpabi, D. C., Omokaro, B., Mogaji, E., Ugwuja, A. A., Nwachukwu, C. E., & Adetoyinbo, O. (2021). Female unemployment in an emerging economy: A study of online social support as a coping strategy. En E. Lachman (Ed.), Technology and women’s empowerment (pp. 215–234). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003045946-12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003045946-12

Goldin, C. (1995). The U-shaped female labor force function in economic development and economic history (NBER Working Paper No. 4707). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w4707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w4707

Gyourko, J., & Tracy, J. (1989). The importance of local fiscal conditions in analyzing local labor markets. Journal of Political Economy, 97(5), 1208–1231. https://doi.org/10.1086/261650 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/261650

Ham, J. C., Ševčík, J., & Terrell, K. (1999). Women’s unemployment during the transition: Evidence from Czech and Slovak micro-data. Economics of Transition, 7(1), 47–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0351.00004

Harrison, M., Strobl, E., & Walsh, P. (1998). The impact of social security reforms on female unemployment compensation claimants in Ireland. European Journal of Law and Economics, 6(3), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008658212701 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008658212701

Hawton, K., Fagg, J., & Simkin, S. (1988). Female unemployment and attempted suicide. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5), 632–637. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.5.632 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.5.632

Helmy, H. E. (2019). Thirty years of urban bias: An estimation of the rising disparities in female rural and female urban unemployment and income in Egypt. Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 8(3), 349–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277976019872326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2277976019872326

Irandoust, M. (2023). The nexus between female unemployment and labor supply: Evidence from Arab countries. Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 47(3), 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2023.2218054 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2023.2218054

Jarska, N. (2014). Gender and labour in post-war communist Poland: Female unemployment 1945–1970. Acta Poloniae Historica, 110, 49–85. https://doi.org/10.12775/APH.2014.110.03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12775/APH.2014.110.03

Jordan, E. (1988). Female unemployment in England and Wales 1851–1911: An examination of the census figures for 15–19 year olds. Social History, 13(2), 175–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071028808567709 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03071028808567709

Katz, E. (2003). The changing role of women in the rural economies of Latin America. En B. Davis (Ed.), Current and emerging issues for economic analysis and policy research: CUREMIS II. Volume I: Latin America and the Caribbean (pp. 123–145). FAO. https://www.fao.org/4/y4940e/y4940e00.htm

Krugman, P. (1994). Peddling prosperity: Economic sense and nonsense in the age of diminished expectations. W. W. Norton & Company.

Laybourn, K. (2003). ‘Waking up to the fact that there are any unemployed’: Women, unemployment and the domestic solution in Britain, 1918–1939. Women’s History Review, 12(4), 589–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09612020300200384 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-229X.00282

Lester, D. (2001). Regional variations in male and female unemployment. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 93(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.1.310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.1.310

Lewandowska-Gwarda, K. (2018). Female unemployment and its determinants in Poland in 2016 from the spatial perspective. Oeconomia Copernicana, 9(2), 183–204. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2018.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2018.010

Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2006). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (2.ª ed.). Stata Press.

López-Castaño, H. A. (2010). El mercado laboral colombiano: Tendencias de largo plazo y sugerencias de política (Borradores de Economía No. 606). Banco de la República. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5623 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32468/be.606

López-Enciso, E. A., & Misas Arango, M. A. (2006). Las fuentes del desempleo en Colombia: Un examen a partir de un modelo SVEC (Borradores de Economía No. 411). Banco de la República. https://doi.org/10.32468/be.411 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32468/be.411

Maloney, W. F. (1999). Does informality imply segmentation in urban labor markets? Evidence from sectoral transitions in Mexico. The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/13.2.275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/13.2.275

Marshall, G. (1984). On the sociology of women’s unemployment, its neglect and significance. The Sociological Review, 32(2), 234–259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1984.tb00813.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1984.tb00813.x

Moghadam, V. M. (1988). Women, work, and ideology in the Islamic Republic. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 20(2), 221–243. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800033948 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800033948

Montero Kuscevic, C. M. (2020). Female unemployment in Lebanon: A time series analysis. Middle East Development Journal, 12(2), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2020.1756097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2020.1756097

Niemi, B. (1974). The female-male differential in unemployment rates. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 27(3), 331–350. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979397402700301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001979397402700301

Ortiz, C. H. (2009). La desaceleración económica colombiana: Se cosecha lo que se siembra. Revista de Economía Institucional, 11(21), 107–137. https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/ecoins/article/view/371

Qiu, H. (2022). Analysis on the female unemployment in the United States. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Social Development and Media Communication (SDMC 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/asshr.k.220105.131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220105.131

Rahikainen, M. (2005). Women in relief work: Female unemployment in Helsinki before World War II. Scandinavian Journal of History, 30(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750510014079 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03468750510014079

Rahman, S. (2018). Revisiting empowerment: Rising female unemployment in the Bangladesh garment sector. Human Geography, 11(2), 35–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/194277861801100203

Riley, R. (2012). Women’s employment and family life: Compatibility and conflict. Palgrave Macmillan.

Schmidt, P., & Strauss, R. P. (1975). The prediction of occupation using multiple logit models. International Economic Review, 16(2), 471–486. https://doi.org/10.2307/2525826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2525826

Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Oxford University Press.

Serrano Moya, E. D., Parra Sánchez, J. H., & Hincapié Mesa, F. A. (2021). Desempleo juvenil, probabilidad y características en las 13 principales ciudades de Colombia y sus áreas metropolitanas (2019). Revista CIES, 12(1), 151–174. http://revista.scolma.edu.co/index.php/cies/article/view/327

Solaz, A., Jalovaara, M., Kreyenfeld, M., Meggiolaro, S., Mortelmans, D., & Pastore, I. (2020). Unemployment and separation: Evidence from five European countries. Journal of Family Research, 32(1), 145–176. https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-368

Tatli, H., & Tasci, K. (2021). The short and long-term relation between human development and female unemployment: The case of Turkey. Argumenta Oeconomica, 2(47), 225–252. https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2021.2.10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2021.2.10

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2022). Trade and development report 2021. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210010290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18356/9789210010290

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Datos de publicación

Metric
Este artículo
Revisores/as por pares 
0
2.4
Días para la publicación 
711
145

Perfil evaluadores/as  N/D

Declaraciones de autoría

Declaraciones de autoría
Este artículo
Otros artículos
Disponibilidad de datos 
N/D
16%
Financiación externa 
No
32%
Conflictos de intereses 
N/D
11%
Metric
Esta revista
Otras revistas
Artículos aceptados 
0%
33%

Indexado en

Editor y equipo editorial
Perfiles
Sociedad académica 
Universidad Ean
Editorial 
Universidad Ean

Citaciones

Crossref

Scopus
Europe PMC